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  • Reference

    Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | V. R&D in National Accounts and Globalization Manuals

    B. Measuring R&D in global economic activities

    Guidance for official statistics on trade, investment, and international production—called global value chains (GVCs) in recent economics and policy research literature—explicitly cover R&D and related intangible assets under the heading of “intellectual property products” (IPP). (In addition to ...

  • Reference

    Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | II. U.S. Business Enterprise R&D

    Definition

    1.174-2 Definition of research and development expenditures. (a) In general. (1) The term research or experimental expenditures , as used in section 174, means expenditures incurred in connection with the taxpayer’s trade or business which represent research and development costs in the experimen...

  • Analysis | Reports

    Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons

    Cross-National Comparisons of R&D Performance

    Two key indicators of national R&D performance are gross domestic expenditures on R&D (GERD)—a measure of a country’s total R&D investment—and national R&D intensity (GERD-to-GDP ratio)—a measure of a country’s investment in R&D relative to its overall economic activity. Together, they paint a br...

  • Analysis | InfoBrief

    Foreign R&D Reported by IT-Related Industries Account for About Half or More of U.S.-Owned R&D Performed in India, China, Canada, and Israel

    Industry Distribution in Top Foreign Locations

    Between 2011 and 2019, the share of manufacturing industries in total foreign R&D reported by U.S.-located companies declined from 75% to 62% (table 2). However, manufacturing industries still accounted for 78% of U.S.-owned foreign R&D in Germany and 72% of U.S.-owned foreign R&D in China in 201...

  • Figure

    The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2022 | U.S. and Global Science and Technology Capabilities

    High concentration of motor vehicle manufacturing and information technology (IT) services output, by state: 2020

    The United States has a key position in the global science and engineering (S&E) enterprise. As S&E capacity has increased globally, the U.S. position has changed despite increases in the absolute amount of S&E activity in the United States. Although the United States was key in the rapid develop...

  • Analysis | Reports

    The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2022

    Introduction

    The State of U.S. Science and Engineering summarizes key indicators that assess the status of the science and engineering (S&E) enterprise within the United States and that illustrate the U.S. global position in multiple aspects of the S&E enterprise. This includes information about the geographi...

  • Analysis | Reports

    The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2022 | U.S. and Global Science and Technology Capabilities

    Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industry Output

    Production of output by KTI industries—that is, industries that globally have high R&D intensities (see Glossary section for definition of R&D intensity)—indicates the translation of S&E capabilities into the marketplace. In addition, output of KTI industries is a significant source of U.S. produ...

  • Figure

    The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2022 | U.S. and Global Science and Technology Capabilities

    Output of KTI industries for selected region, country, or economy, by sector: 2010 and 2019

    The United States has a key position in the global science and engineering (S&E) enterprise. As S&E capacity has increased globally, the U.S. position has changed despite increases in the absolute amount of S&E activity in the United States. Although the United States was key in the rapid develop...

  • Analysis | Reports

    Production and Trade of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries | Production Patterns and Trends of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries

    Beyond KTI Industries: The Case of Agriculture

    Science and technology are also used outside of KTI industries. Such industries may incorporate advanced technology in their services and delivery of their services, use advanced manufacturing techniques, or incorporate technologically advanced inputs in manufacturing. Agriculture, though not cla...

  • Analysis | Reports

    Production and Trade of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries

    Conclusion

    The United States remains the largest producer in high R&D intensive industries. China has been making rapid progress and is now tied with the EU as the second-largest producer. China is the largest global producer in medium-high R&D intensive industries, followed by the EU, with the United State...